Gasoline Spigot Oil Well Easy to Draw
Why U.S. Oil Companies Aren't Riding to Europe's Rescue
American energy production has only inched up because executives fear that oil and gas prices won't stay high.
HOUSTON — Oil and gasoline prices are climbing. Energy company profits are surging. President Biden, who came into office promising to reduce the use of fossil fuels, has effectively joined the "drill, baby, drill" chorus. Europe would love to end its dependence on Russia.
Yet most U.S. oil businesses are not eager to capitalize on this moment by pumping more oil.
Production of oil by U.S. energy companies is essentially flat and unlikely to increase substantially for at least another year or two. If Europe stops buying Russian oil and natural gas as some of its leaders have promised, they won't be able to replace that energy with fuels from the United States anytime soon.
U.S. oil production is up less than 2 percent, to 11.8 million barrels a day, since December and remains well below the record 13.1 million barrels a day set in March 2020 just before the pandemic paralyzed the global economy. Government forecasters predict that American oil production will average just 12 million barrels a day in 2022, and increase by roughly another million in 2023. That increase would be well short of the nearly four million barrels of oil that Europe imports from Russia every day.
"You had this bombastic, chest-pounding industry touting itself as the reincarnation of the American innovative spirit," said Jim Krane, an energy expert at Rice University. "And now that they could be leaping into action to pitch in to bring much-needed oil to the world, they are being uncharacteristically cautious."
The biggest reason oil production isn't increasing is that U.S. energy companies and Wall Street investors are not sure that prices will stay high long enough for them to make a profit from drilling lots of new wells. Many remember how abruptly and sharply oil prices crashed two years ago, forcing companies to lay off thousands of employees, shut down wells and even seek bankruptcy protection.
Executives at 141 oil companies surveyed by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in mid-March offered several reasons that they weren't pumping more oil. They said they were short of workers and sand, which is used to fracture shale fields to coax oil out of rock. But the most salient reason — the one offered by 60 percent of respondents — was that investors don't want companies to produce a lot more oil, fearing that it will hasten the end of high oil prices.
The Dallas Fed survey found that U.S. companies need oil prices to average just $56 a barrel to break even, a little more than half the current price. But some are worried that the price could fall to as little as $50 by the end of the year.
"There is a tremendous amount of muscle memory from Covid and the dramatic drop in prices," said Ben Shepperd, president of the Permian Basin Petroleum Association in Midland, Texas. "If we were convinced oil prices would hold at levels of $75 a barrel or more for another three years, you would see a higher level of capital deployment."
U.S. oil companies are not alone. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries have also refused to pump a lot more oil since Russia's war in Ukraine began in late February.
This deep-seated reluctance stands in contrast to how the oil industry has typically behaved when prices have surged.
Over the last two decades, oil companies almost always responded to higher prices by investing and pumping more. A drilling frenzy accompanied the rise in prices in the early 2000s, and again in the recovery that followed the 2008 financial crisis. U.S. oil production has doubled since 2006, and the country has become a major exporter of oil, natural gas and petroleum products like gasoline and diesel.
But every price boom was followed by a huge crash — three in just the last 14 years. Scores of companies have filed bankruptcy cases. Only two years ago, oil prices plummeted by more than $50 a barrel in a single day to less than zero as the pandemic took hold and producers had no place to store oil that nobody needed to buy.
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Exxon Mobil's stock fell so much that the keepers of the Dow Jones industrial average kicked it off the index. The company had been in the average in one form or another since 1928, and its departure became a symbol of Wall Street's growing distaste for fossil fuel stocks as more investors demand that companies reduce the emissions causing climate change.
Oil executives and investors cite a number of outcomes under which prices could again fall quickly. For example, Russia could lose the war and have to retreat. Covid-19 outbreaks and lockdowns in China could hobble that country's economy, driving down global growth and demand for energy. A new nuclear deal with Iran could open a spigot of oil exports.
Pioneer Natural Resources, a major Texas producer that last year acquired two other oil companies, is no longer aiming to increase production 20 percent, as it had in years past. It now aims to grow just 5 percent. The company's chief executive, Scott Sheffield, said he aimed to return 80 percent of its free cash flow — the cash left over after it pays its operating expenses and capital expenditures — to shareholders.
"The model has totally changed," he said.
Oil executives also argue that they are spending a lot of money on new oil and gas production but that inflation is undercutting their efforts. Exploration and production spending will rise more than 20 percent this year, but about two-thirds of that increase will go toward paying higher prices for labor, materials and services, among other costs, according to RBN Energy, a research firm in Houston.
"It is a bit of a sticker shock because we're seeing inflation across the entire sector," Jeff Miller, the chief executive of Halliburton, which drills wells and performs other services for oil companies, told analysts on a recent conference call.
Smaller private companies, financed by private equity, are responsible for much of the new activity. According to the Dallas Fed survey, the median growth rate for companies that produce fewer than 10,000 barrels a day was projected at 15 percent this year, compared with only 6 percent for firms that produce more than 10,000.
Larger oil companies complain that even if they wanted to invest more, it would be hard because Wall Street isn't keen on financing new fossil fuel projects. Some investors who are concerned about climate change are instead putting their money into renewable energy, electric cars and other businesses.
It is not that investors have become environmentalists. Many have run the numbers and concluded that the recent jump in fossil fuel prices will be short-lived and that they are better off investing in companies and industries that they believe have a brighter future.
"If you are an investor, has your view of the next five to 10 years actually changed? I think the answer is no," said Amy Myers Jaffe, managing director at the Climate Policy Lab at Tufts University's Fletcher School. "History tells us that oil shocks accelerate a shift to alternative energy, not the opposite."
Many oil executives also complain that the future of their industry is clouded by political and regulatory uncertainty. They acknowledge that Mr. Biden has been calling on them to produce more, but they fear that his administration will go back to emphasizing the need for less oil and gas when prices fall.
"During Earth Day, the president said we have got to get off oil, and at the same time he's begging us for two million additional barrels to send to Europe," said Kirk Edwards, chief executive of Latigo Petroleum, a West Texas producer. "You cannot have it both ways."
The tension between the strategic advantages of domestic oil and gas production and the environmental costs of fossil fuel use is not likely to go away soon. Environmentalists are worried that awarding more permits for oil drilling on public lands and building new terminals to export natural gas to Europe will increase the world's dependence on fossil fuels. But administration officials have countered that their emphasis on increasing oil and gas production will not deter longer-term efforts to make a transition to cleaner energy.
"We just can't transition to green energy in a way that leaves us and our allies dependent on the oil of geopolitical rivals," said Evan Ellis, a researcher at the U.S. Army War College and former State Department planner. "The ability of the U.S. to put more oil and gas into the market would be a useful weapon, enabling the Europeans to wean themselves off of Russian energy."
David Braziel, chief executive of RBN Energy, said the United States had the capacity to export more than six million barrels of oil a day, roughly twice what it is exporting now. While ramping up production will take time, he said, the industry could produce 16 million barrels a day by 2027, four million barrels more than now, assuming prices remain high and investments increase.
"We have plenty of capacity to get extra crude oil out," Mr. Braziel said. "We could be doing much more now than we are currently doing."
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/26/business/energy-environment/oil-us-europe-russia.html
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